A group of diseases that is originated from the different parts of ovaries and cause production of abnormal cells that divide uncontrolled themselves in the ovaries is known as Ovarian Cancer (OC). OC is mainly classified into majorly three types on the base of three components of ovaries known as epithelium, stroma and germinal cells. First type of OC that arise due to malignancy in epithelial cells is known as epithelial cell carcinoma. Second type of OC that cases tumors in germinal cells is known as germ cell tumor. The cell tumors are rare that tend to occur at younger age. Third one is the sex cord- stromal tumor that occur in stromal part of the ovary that is usually diagnosed at earlier stage as compared to other type of ovarian cancer [5] Among all of the ovarian cancer, epithelial ovarian cancer is most common form of cancer in women. The epithelial ovarian cancer is the fourth main cause of women death in the developed world. Epithelial cancer has many other subtypes such as serous carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma [1].

Globally, it is estimated approximately 220,000 women develop epithelial ovarian cancer in each year. Worldwide the seven most common type of malignant neoplasm in women is the OC and eightieth major cause of mortality in women[2]. Approximately, 7000 women develop OC and 4200 of them die every year in UK. It has been estimated that, in USA round about 22,500 women develop OC and 14,000 of them die every year [3]. In Pakistan the incidence of OC is increasing at the rate of around 13.6%. Approximately 70% cases are diagnosed at later stages. The higher rate of death by developing OC is due to post symptoms that appear later. This disease remains metastatic within the abdomen at initial stages. The women of 50-70 years old have expected to be higher rate to develop OC as compared to younger ones [4].

The exact mechanism of the proliferation of the ovarian cancer is unknown to the doctors although there are some things that are identified and increase the risk of ovarian cancer. One of the main causes to develop ovarian cancer is the mutation in the DNA in the cells of ovaries or the cells near the ovaries. As the replication and mitosis of the cell is also controlled by the DNA, so mutation in DNA brings some changes and the cell divide and multiply very quickly to form mass of cancerous cells. These cancerous cells invade nearby tissues and metastasize the tumors to the other part of the body.

Small percentage of the ovarian cancers are caused by the inheritance of the gene changes by parents to offspring. But the risk of ovarian cancer with blood relatives diagnosed with ovarian cancer increase the risk in other blood relatives [6].

There are some genes that increase the risk of the ovarian cancer in women, include BRCA1 and BRCA2.These two gene also increase the risk of breast cancer in females (Mazhar 2021). There are several other gene changes that are known to increase the risk of the ovarian cancer, including gene changes associated with lynch syndrome and BRIP1, RAD51C and RAD51D genes [7]

Another cause to develop ovarian cancer is obesity. The risk of the ovarian cancer increases with the increase of weight [8].

Ovarian cancer is usually asymptomatic at early stage. Some the signs that appear as early warning signs include abdominal bloating or swelling, weight loss discomfort in pelvic area, fatigue, back pain and frequent need to urinate. Few signs that appear at later stage of the ovarian cancer include irregular menstruation, difficulty in eating and urinary issues [9].

There is a no proper treatment for the ovarian cancer although there are some preventative measures that are suggested include exercise and diet, oral contraceptives, avoiding carcinogens, avoiding pregnancy and breastfeeding and life style. By doing weekly exercise and consuming healthy diet, the risk of the ovarian cancer decreases. It is estimated that by working 30 minutes every day the ovarian cancer risk may decrease up to 20% [10]. By eating food containing vitamin D and vitamin A also decreases the chances of ovarian cancer. It has been studied the women that takes oral contraceptives have 50% lower risk of developing ovarian cancer. The substances that induce cancer are known as carcinogens e.g., Talcum powder that is found in everyday products such as baby powder, makeup and vaginal deodorants. By avoiding these carcinogens, the risk of the ovarian cancer can be reduced. Pregnancy and breastfeeding also decreases the risk of developing ovarian cancer [11]. It has been studied, women who have birthed one child before the age of 30, have low chance of ovarian cancer. The women that breastfeed their children also have low risk of ovarian cancer. Avoidance from tobacco as well as alcohol consumption also reduced the risk of ovarian cancer [12].

There are two main tests that were performed to identify and screen for ovarian cancer are transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) and CA-125 blood test. TVUS uses sound waves to examine different parts of the ovaries such as uterus and fallopian tubes by putting an ultrasound wand into the vagina. Another test to screen out cancerous patient performed is cancer antigen (CA-125). CA-125 is a protein that’s level increases of patients effected with cancer. SO, CA-125 is tumor marker to screen out cancerous patients, hence this test is known as tumor marker test.