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Dental Caries Experience of 12-Year-Old Children from Resen Municipality
Nonkulovski Zoran, Ambarkova Vesna, Jankulovska Mira, Krmzova Tina, Arjeta Sulejmani, Violeta Nonkulovska*
Interns at the Department for pediatric and preventive dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University Ss.Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.
Department for preventive and pediatric dentistry, Faculty of dentistry, University Ss.Cyril & Methodius -Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
University Dental Clinic Center Ss.Pantelejmon, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.
PHI Health Center Resen , Republic of North Macedonia .
Received Date: 24/11/2021; Published Date: 23/12/2021
*Corresponding author: Vesna Ambarkova PhD,.MSc, DDS, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Mother Theresa 17 University Dental Clinic Center Sv.Pantelejmon Skopje 1000 , Republic of North Macedonia.
Abstract
Background: Despite scientific advances and the fact that the caries is preventable, dental caries is still the most prevalent dental affliction of childhood within developing countries and continues to be major dental public health problem.
Aims: The aim of this study was to assess dental caries in 12-year-old children from Resen municipality suited at the Pelagonia region of the Republic of North Macedonia.
Study Design: cross-sectional study
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, primary school children from sixth grades (N=158) were selected from (5) primary school from the Resen municipality. The Dental status of the children was evaluated during 2020 year, using the 2013 World Health Organization caries diagnostic criteria for Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) by 2 calibrated examiners. Data obtained during the survey was stored in a database and statistical analysis with SPSS v.21(IBM). Using the t-test, the date was tested for possible statistically significant differences. A p value< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Parental consent was obtained for each child.
Results: The total number of children (N=158) in the sample was comprising 71 (44.94 %) females and 87 (55,06 %) males. The mean DMFT score of the whole sample was 1.82± 1.82. The average DMFT score within female children was 1.70± 2.03, while within male children was 1.92±1.64.The average DMFT score within children from urban area was 1.71±1.65, while within children from rural area was 1.94±1.98. We did not find a significant difference between the average DMFT score of female and male children, as well as between the mean DMFT score of children living in rural or urban areas. The prevalence of caries free children was 36.08 %.
Conclusion: Тhe intensity of dental caries is low in 12-year-old children from the Resen municipality and its surrounding.
Keywords: Children; Dental caries; Epidemiology
Introduction
Despite the long-term implementation of many prevention programs and measures, dental caries is still a major public health problem in many developing countries. Approximately 3.6 billion people (48% of the population) worldwide have dental caries in their permanent teeth [1].
Numerous epidemiological studies are conducted daily around the world to determine the prevalence of dental caries and the average DMFT index in school children and adolescents [2- 5].
Oral health of children is one of the essential elements for the general health, especially for the growth and development in childhood. Therefore, everything that is not protected by preventive measures in the initial stage of any oral pathology further could not be compensating anymore. This maxim is especially true for caries and periodontal changes, as elements of oral health that are most common in everyday pathology.
Macedonia was part of the Yugoslavia until 1991. The two European countries (Albania and Yugoslavia) that still had not data about the prevalence of dental caries were announced by WHO in the late 1970 [6]. Vrbic V and colleagues from all six republics and the country’s two provinces started a pilot study in cooperation with WHO [7,8]. We were part of that pilot study and the scientific project directed by Nečeva was conducted in four districts (Skopje, Veles, Štip and Ohrid) in the Republic of Macedonia [9]. In the epidemiological study conducted in 1991, the estimated value of theaverage DMFT index within 12 years old children was 5.22 [9]. So, we did not have any information about the average DMFT index within 12-year-old children from Resen municipality.
The municipality of Resen is located in the Prespa Valley, in the southwestern part of the Republic of Macedonia and covers an area of 739 km2. Divided on land with 562 km2 and water with 177 km2, it is a separate spatial unit, which geographically extends around the intersection of the 41st degree GMS and the 21st degree IGD (Figure 1) [10].
Figure 1: Manucipality Resen within the map of whole country.
According to the 2002 census, there are 16,825 inhabitants in the municipality of Resen, of which 50.3% are female and 49.7% are male. Those ethnic groups: Macedonians (76.1%), Turks (10.7%), Albanians (9.1%), Roma (1.1%) and others, live in the municipality of Resen.
Each epidemiological study serves for planning and improvement of the respective area where it is conducted. So we hope that this study will contribute to the improvement of the oral health of the children from the Resen municipality. Due to outdated and insufficient data on the dental status of 12-year-old children from the municipality of Resen, as well as due to determining the effects of the implemented National Strategy [11], we conducted this examination. The aim of this study was to assess dental caries in 12-year-old children from Resen municipality suited at the Pelagonia region of the Republic of North Macedonia.
Methods
The sample of this cross-sectional study was 158 school children from sixth grades, attending 2 central and 3 regional primary schools in the Resen city and villages from its surrounding. The names of the schools are: primary school Goce Delcev, Mite Bogorvski, Slavejko Arsov, Braka Miladinovci and Dimitar Vlahov. Children from Resen city and 27 villages are involved in this study. Before the start of the study, we gain permission from the school authorities. Also, we obtained consent from the parents of the children involved in the study.
We used cluster sampling and all classes (sixth grades) children were included in the study, because it was more economically taking in mind our constraints of financial resources.
Ethical approval was obtained from the Ministry of health. The children from 12 years old are with all permanent teeth erupted, except third molars, and are suitable for global monitoring of dental caries and international comparisons of dental caries trends.
Data were collected by means of clinical examinations in daylight using plain dental mirrors and sharp explorer, which took place in pediatric dental sector of the Health Center Resen. The examinations focus on the presence of caries, and was diagnosed at the cavitation level. The caries experience of each child was recorded by counting the components DT, MT, and FT of the DMFT index (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth), following the World Health Organisation (WHO) caries diagnostic criteria [12]. Fluoride levels in the drinking water was low 0.07 from the water supply from Resen city. The examiners were calibrated prior to the surveys in order to obtain consistency indices for recording caries.
Data obtained during the survey was stored in a database and statistical analysis with SPSS v.21(IBM). Using the t-test, the date was tested for possible statistically significant differences. A p value< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Statistical data that was collected were from primary school children from the Resen manucipality. For each child following data was recorded: age, gender(male and female), area (urban or rural) and city/village, number of Decayed Teeth (DT), number of Missing Teeth (MT) and number of Filled Teeth (FT). The DMFT index, the sum of DT, MT and FT, was calculated and recorded for each child. The size of the statistical sample was 158. In Table 1 the mean value of DMFT index for the whole sample is given (average DMFT=1.82±1.822).
In the Table 2 the distribution of male and female children from studied sample is given and gender wise comparison of average DMFT of 12-yer children. The average DMFT of female children is 1.92±1.637, while average DMFT of male children is 1.70±2.031. T-test was performed to see if there are differences in average DMFT index between the male and female children. The value Sig. (2-tailed) 0.471 shows that there is no statistically significant difference between mean DMFT of male and female 12-year-old children.
In the Table 3 the distribution of children living in the rural and urban area is given and comparison of their mean DMFT. The mean DMFT of children from rural area is 1.94 ± 1.983, while the mean DMFT of children from urban area is 1.71±1.650. T-test was performed to see if there are differences in average DMFT index between children from urban and rural area. The value Sig. (2-tailed) 0.434 shows that there is no statistically significant difference between mean DMFT of children from urban and rural area.
In the table 4 the comparison of the mean D, M and F component of the DMFT for urban and rural population was shown. It was not statistically significant, as p value is more than 0.05.
The DMFT components, DT, MT and FT were also analyzed. Their mean values, standard deviations (SD's) are reported in table 5. It is important to describe the composition of the DMFT, which allows us to evaluate the level of dental care in the country. The table 5 shows higher mean F score in comparison to D score, which indicates overall population has access to dental treatment. And they have positive attitude towards dental treatment. The ratio of D/DMFT gives an indication of treatment need. In the current study, this ratio indicated that untreated caries was responsible for 0.56 (56.0%) of the DMFT index.
Table 1: Average DMFT of whole group of 12-year children.
Discussion
The study aimed to assess the dental caries experience in school children from the Resen manucipality, which is located in the Pelagonia Region of the Republic of North Macedonia. The purpose of the study was to help planning preventive programmes and to serve as a baseline for future evaluation of preventive measures in this municipality. The eight regions in our country there are eight regions (Skopje, Vardar, Pelagonia, East, Southwest, Polog, Northeast and Southeast region) that have their own characteristics (environmental, organizational, socio-economic, ethnic, etc.), which undoubtedly have an impact on lifestyle and health, which includes oral health. On the territory of the municipality of Resen, one specialist in pediatric and preventive dentistry and one general dentist work in the state health sector, while in the private sector there are one orthodont, one specialist in prosthоdontics and 12 general dentists.
The overall mean DMFT was 1.82 and can be can be classified as low dental caries experience. The caries-free prevalence was 36.08 %. and the caries prevalence was 63.92%. Comparing the results from this study (DMFT=1.82) with the cross-section study conducted in 2013 by Ambarkova et al [2] within 12 years old children from Eastern region (DMFT=3.467) it is evident that the DMFT index show tendency to decrease. We believe that this decrease in the average DMFT index is partly due to the increasing use of sealing of the occlusal surfaces on the first permanent molars by the dental teams in charge of implementation of the National Strategy for Prevention of Oral Diseases in children aged 0 to 14 years [11]. In the resent study conducted in Croatia by Lešić S, et al the mean DMFT was 3.4 within 12 year old children [13].
The caries prevalence in the Resen municipality from Pelagonia region in our country is 63.92%, which is similar with caries prevalence in the 12 years old children from Eastern region (78.79%) in our country, and 61% (50-72%) for permanent dentition in children from 9 countries from Eastern Mediterranean Region [14]. In the meta-analysis conducted by Teshome et al in Africa, the prevalence of dental caries was 65.2% in Eritrea, 57.8% in Sudan, 30.7% in Tanzania [15].
There was no gender difference in the mean DMFT but the average DMFT of the 12-year-olds in Resen municipality our country was higher in females (1.92) than males (1.70%). Also, there was no difference in the mean DMFT in the children from rural and urban area, but the mean DMFT of the 12-year-olds from the rural area was higher (1.94) than within children from urban area (1.71). Resen city belongs in the group of settlements from R. Macedonia which are with a lack of fluoride in drinking water (<0.2 ppmF). Public water supply from the Resen municipality has 0.07 ppm F (16 ). Urban and rural areas have their own specifics, but it is evident that there are now smaller differences between them, at least in terms of oral health. The existence of good communication between urban and rural areas has reduced the differences in both lifestyle and in the diet of the population.
The mean DMFT index of 12-year-old children during the epidemiological study conducted in 1991 was with the lowest value in Veles city 3.48 and with the highest 6.55 in the city of Skopje [9]. Oral health epidemiological studies despite their limitation must be conducted periodically [17].
Conclusion
Тhe intensity of dental caries is low in 12-year-old children from the Resen municipality and its surrounding. However, we need to work on keeping it at that level or if possible, improving it. Oral health of children is a concern not only of pediatric dentists, but also of the wider community. In order to achieve our goals, it is necessary to receive unreserved moral and material support from all social factors and institutions in our country.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all directors of primary schools, parents and children for their participation and support to conduct the school-based oral health survey in Resen municipality.
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