Assessment Criteria: Purity, Potency, and Safety:
Vitamin A's role as an "anti-infective" agent, underscored by studies highlighting its significance in immune responses to infection, forms the basis for its widespread therapeutic use. However, the potential adverse effects associated with synthetic vitamin A supplementation, particularly the risk of bulging fontanelle in infants, necessitate a careful evaluation of purity, potency, and safety standards. This is further complicated by the dose-dependent inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth by vitamin A and its metabolites, indicating a narrow therapeutic window where efficacy must be balanced against safety.

Quality and Purity Standards
The British Pharmacopoeia (BP) establishes rigorous standards for Vitamin A, utilizing British Pharmacopoeia Chemical Reference Substances (BPCRS) to ensure high-quality testing and consistency. These primary standards are absolute, meaning their content figures are determined without comparison to another substance [20]. In contrast, Pakistan follows Codex guidelines for maximum residue limits of pesticides and other contaminants in foodstuffs, but does not have a system to enforce these limits in domestically produced foods [24]. This discrepancy highlights a significant difference in the enforcement and application of quality and purity standards between the two regions.

Packaging and Labeling
The BP mandates specific packaging and labeling requirements to maintain the integrity and information transparency of pharmaceutical products. Every package must clearly display critical information such as the name of the product, manufacturer, net contents, and expiration dates [19]. Meanwhile, in Pakistan, packaging requirements are less stringent, generally following Codex rules with no special requirements for environmental concerns such as waste disposal or recycling [24]. Additionally, while British standards require detailed labeling including potential allergens and storage conditions, Pakistani regulations focus more on basic labeling in Urdu and English and mandatory Halal certification without stringent requirements on environmental or health warnings [23].

Regulatory Compliance
The UK's regulatory framework is tightly controlled, with annual updates to the BP to reflect the latest scientific and health standards [9]. Conversely, Pakistan's approach to regulatory compliance in food safety and consumer education was only recently updated with the implementation of Statutory Regulatory Order (SRO) 237 on July 1, 2019 [23]. This order aims to improve food safety but still lacks the comprehensive and detailed approach seen in the BP. Furthermore, the UK's involvement in international development programs like the Food Fortification Programme indicates a proactive approach to addressing micronutrient deficiencies abroad, specifically in Pakistan, by providing technical and financial support to fortify foods like edible oils with Vitamin A [26].

The comparative analysis of the British and Pakistani standards reveals a broader commitment and rigorous approach in the UK towards quality control, packaging, and regulatory compliance, which contrasts with the more flexible and evolving standards in Pakistan.

Dosage and Treatments for Vitamin A Deficiency
Vitamin A plays a pivotal role in maintaining vision, skin health, and immune function. When levels fall too low, supplementation becomes necessary to avoid serious health issues, including night blindness and immune deficiencies. The treatment for Vitamin A deficiency varies based on the severity of the deficiency, patient age, and the presence of any complicating health conditions.

Recommended Dosages
The recommended daily amount of vitamin A is 900 micrograms (mcg) for adult men and 700 mcg for adult women, with variations for pregnant and breastfeeding women, and children depending on their age [32][33]. For treating deficiency, healthcare providers might prescribe high doses of vitamin A supplements for several days, followed by lower doses until symptoms resolve [31][34]. In areas with high prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency, the World Health Organization recommends large oral doses for children to prevent morbidity and mortality, with specific doses outlined for different age groups [28]. It's crucial that dosing is based on the severity of deficiency and under healthcare provider discretion [35].

Common Treatments
Treatment begins with high doses of vitamin A supplements for a few days, transitioning to lower doses to allow for recovery from symptoms such as night blindness and dry eyes [31]. For infants and young children, where high doses can be toxic, the correct dosage must be carefully determined by a healthcare provider [31]. In specific cases, such as cystic fibrosis, lifelong treatment with vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins is standard care [28]. Intramuscular administration of vitamin A is recommended when oral administration is not feasible [30]. In regions with high prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency, universal supplementation of select populations is advocated by th e World Health Organization [35].

Personalized treatments utilizing vitamin A Xerophthalmia:
It signifies a severity of VAD that can cause mortality from malnutrition and increased susceptible to infections it is mainly characterized by dry eyes, vision difficulty if left untreated results into night blindness and the lesions on the eye ball mucous membrane it is due to deficiency of vitamin A. Its treatment involves

Vitamin A Therapy: It can be through oral vitamin A supplements ( Retinol, Vitamin A palmitate and Vitamin A propionate) Artificial Tears: It can be through eye drops( Systane Ultra, Restasis and Thera tears)