Therapeutic cancer vaccines are classified according to their biological content and functioning. Therapeutic cancer vaccines are categorized into two main headings: Specialized and general cancer vaccines. Vaccines that aim to strengthen the immune system and trigger an immune response in a specific type of cancer are called specialized cancer vaccines. Specialized cancer vaccines target cancer cells or proteins that may be related to cancer, creating an immune response. In some types of cancer, patient-specific treatment approaches may need to improve. Specialized cancer vaccines are a hope for personalized treatment. General cancer vaccines aim to prevent, treat, or control cancer in almost all types of cancer. However, Improving a vaccine that works smoothly for all kinds of cancer is challenging. Therapeutic cancer vaccines have five subgroups:

1. Antigen vaccines
2. Tumor cell vaccines
3. Antibody-based vaccines
4. DNA vaccines
5. Viral vector-based vaccines.

Antıgen Cancer Vaccınes
Antigen cancer vaccines directly target the tumor and tumor cells and stimulate the immune system to create an immune response [11]. Antigen vaccines contain tumor-specific protein or peptide antigens. These antigens come from patients' tumors. Most antigens in the cancer process consist of the body's own modified proteins. For this reason, the immune system may have difficulty recognizing these antigens as foreign antigens. This tolerance must exceed for an effective antigen vaccine to work. Antigen vaccines work in several steps: A form of cancer antigens or cancer-specific antigens are given to the body along with the vaccine. The first goal is to perceive cancer antigens as foreign and harmful to the immune system. Once the immune response to detected antigens occurs, T and B immune cells are activated, and the antigen is destroyed. In the last step, the immune response is improved against cancer by the memory cells. T cells can generally recognize all antigen proteins, except for some exceptional cases. Some advantages of antigen vaccines are as follows: Although it depends on the type of cancer, it provides a specific treatment opportunity by directly targeting cancer cells and tumors. It may have minimal side effects compared to current treatment approaches. It causes less tissue damage. Since it aims to strengthen the immune system, it helps the body keep cancer under control. The major disadvantage of antigen vaccines is that they are ineffective in the patient. Cancer vaccines can be effective, but that process could take time. They can be economically challenging because they are too complex and expensive. Some possible side effects of antigen vaccines include pain and swelling at the injection site, fever and chills, skin reactions, nausea, and vomiting. Provenge (Sipuleucel-T) for prostate cancer, Oncophage (Vitespen) for kidney cancer, and HER2/neu for breast cancer are antigen vaccines improved.

Tumor Cell Vaccines
Tumor cell vaccines work in such a way as to stimulate the patient's immune system to create an immune response to the patient's cancer cells. The content of the vaccine consists simply of tumor cells isolated and made safe from the patient himself or another patient. For the immune system to detect tumor cells as foreign, gene recombination and sometimes different chemicals are added to the cells [11]. There are two types of tumor cell vaccines: Allogeneic and autologous vaccines. Allogeneic vaccines come from isolating the tumor cells of another patient. It is injected into the patient together with one or more adjuvants. Autologous vaccines, on the other hand, consist of the isolation of the patient's tumor cells as a content. Tumor cell vaccines work biologically; firstly, preparation of the vaccine content, cells are isolated in the tumor and made pure by irradiation. Antigens are injected into the patient to detect the immune system. The immune response to the detected cells is improved, and after the formation of memory cells, the immune system is strengthened against the antigen. Dendritic vaccines are a subset of tumor cell vaccines, and dendritic vaccines target a potent immune response to provide more effective stimulation of the immune system [13]. Some of the advantages of tumor cell vaccines are that they are specially produced for each patient and thus offer the possibility of personalized treatment. It trains the immune system to fight cancer. It can reduce the recurrence rate. It has minimal side effects compared to current treatment approaches. The disadvantage of tumor cell vaccines is they may be ineffective on cancer. Even if effective, this process can be slow, and tumor cell vaccines are expensive. Inflammation, pain, allergic reactions, malaise, and fever are present in the side effects. Rexin-G cancer vaccine, Gvax for pancreatic cancer, and Herceptin(Trastuzumab) for breast cancer are some tumor cell vaccines developed.

Antıbody Cancer Vaccines
Antibody cancer vaccines target specially produced antibodies against cancer cells to stimulate the immune system. Antibody cancer vaccines are less likely to damage other tissues because vaccines target cancer cells directly. Antibody cancer vaccines work on the same principle as other cancer vaccines. The immune system recognizes antibodies, and then the memory cells are formed to improve the immune response. The possibility of specific treatment, low side effects, and long-term immunosuppressive antibody cancer vaccines are among the advantages. High cost and the duration and speed of effectiveness are slow is one of the disadvantages of antibody cancer vaccines. Rituximab(Rituxan) for lymphoma and types of leukemia, and Ipilimumbab (Yervoy) are examples of antibody cancer vaccines used to treat melanoma.

DNA-Based Cancer Vaccines
DNA cancer vaccine is a suspension containing genetic material obtained by isolating a cancer cell's DNA [14]. The essential purpose of DNA vaccines is to ensure that the body can have a unique immune response to its tumor cells. The goal of the vaccine is the formation of an immune response with the release of more T-lymphocytes. DNA isolated and purified from tumor cells is injected into the patient in a naked form or with a harmless virus. An antigen-specific response occurs by the immune system, and the attack on tumor cells begins. With the formation of memory cells, the vaccine is considered to have functioned flawlessly. DNA caser vaccines are easy to administer and offer the possibility of a personalized treatment. DNA vaccines are generally safe, but a vaccine prepared with oncogenic DNA can increase management. DNA-based cancer vaccines should be applied with caution by oncologists and patient cooperation. Its production is cheaper compared to other types of vaccines. DNA vaccines may cause minimal side effects, such as mild fever and sensitivity at the injection site. Lucaniz is an example of a DNA-based cancer vaccine developed for lung cancer, Renal kidney cancer, and OncoVax for colorectal cancer.

Viral Vector-Based Cancer Vaccines
Viral vector-based vaccines are a kind of nucleic acid vaccine. Vaccine suspension containing viral vectors genetically modified to stimulate the immune system to fight cancer are viral vector-based cancer vaccines. Viruses, bacteria, or an antigen inside the body apply as a viral vector(immunotereupatic agent). The viral vector is selected, and the vector is ensured that it will not cause disease. The genetic material of the cancer antigens combines with the viral vector. After the vaccine injection, the viral vector begins to multiply in the body. An immune response occurs against this new antigen. The triggered immune cells take action against tumor cells, and as a result, an immune response to cancer has formed with the memory cells. Viral vector-based vaccines are very diverse. It ensures the creation of a long-term and effective immune response [15]. Increasing malignity in viral vector-based cancer vaccines is one of the side effects. It may cause immunotolerance. The production of viral vector-based vaccines, on the other hand, is too costly and complicated. The clinical trial phase can also be challenging. OncoVex GM-CSF for head and neck cancer, Ad-VEC for breast cancer, and JX-594 are some viral vector-based vaccines developed for liver cancer.