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Review Article

A Narrative Review of the Use of Natural Herbs to Boost Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2

Sarvananda L1,*, Wickramanayaka DN2, Kasun Chinthaka SD3, Ehsan Amiri-Ardekani4, Amal D Premarathna5

1Molecular Nutritional and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
2Department of Aquaculture and Seafood Technology, Ocean University of Sri Lanka
3Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
4Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy) Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz,Iran
5School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva mnt 29, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia

Received Date: 05/01/2023; Published Date: 03/02/2023

*Corresponding author: Sarvananda L, Molecular Nutritional and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

DOI: 10.46998/IJCMCR.2023.24.000580

Abstract

People are at risk of being infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19 disease. Once they develop the disease, it could be deadlier. To deal with COVID-19, any antiviral remedy is not a gift. For the invention of the latest drugs, herbal commodities with recognized safety profiles are a hopeful source. We conducted a comprehensive literature search limited to human studies using electronic databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We validated the search terms using the preselected articles. The search terms used for all five databases included terms related to food habits, mental health, viral infections, immune systems, lifestyle, and study design. This review offers an outline of herbal commodities and conventional remedy commodities, which have been believed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 contagion and control COVID-19. Knowledge about the biological mechanism of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human host cell, availability of disorder-specific drugs, ongoing scientific trials, latest diagnostics, and the ability to use certain Indian medicinal herbs for the powerful remedy of COVID-19 are mentioned. Double-blind and placebo-managed big systematic scientific trials are required to achieve powerful remedies to offer stable proof. At present, discovering a quick, powerful remedy for COVID-19 drug redesign is an acceptable strategy.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 virus; Food habits; Mental health; Viral infections; Immune systems

Introduction

In the 1960s, human coronaviruses were first characterized to affect both kids and adults and cause respiration infections. There is a wide range of viruses in the family of coronavirus, which can be found in birds and mammals [1]. Coronaviruses have 39 general species below the huge state of Riboviria, belonging to the family Coronaviridae, suborder-Cornidovirineae, and order-Nidovirales [2]. Under the electron microscope, this virus's surface glycoproteins are seen, creating a crown-like appearance. The critical structure of SARS-CoV-2 is crown-like spike proteins. The spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus especially engages with the human proteins, which coat internal of the nostril and the lungs cells[3]. SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA enveloped, single-stranded, high-quality-feel virus with 80-160 nm diameter and 29.9 kb genome size. By binding to the angiotensin-changing enzyme II (ACE-II) receptor with glycosylated viral structural spike (S) protein, it profits access to host cells. S protein is activated by host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and SARS-CoV-2 then cell access is facilitated. To synthesize the large replicate polyproteins that include RNA-based RNA polymerase (RdRp), SARS-CoV-2 dissemble intracellularly and launch their RNA into the cytoplasm for the replication of viral genomic RNA [4]. The WHO stopped human-human contact, separating sufferers at preliminary stages to perceive and decrease transmission from the animal source, boost researchs, communicate facts and reduce the societal and commercial impact. It has been stated that SARS-CoV-2 shares sequence homology with the SARS-CoV. The SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are the two essential reasons for intense pneumonia in humans [2]. The new coronavirus is extremely carefully associated with the bat cov ratg13 detected in bats from Yunnan Province [1]. No logically legitimate proof is to be had approximately this airborne transmission disorder. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, tiredness, headache, diarrhea, skin infections, and much less running of sensing organs like the tasteless feeling of food, much less sensing of smell, etc. Some inflamed humans have the most effective slight signs or may emerge asymptomatic. Till now, we do not have any particular treatments for COVID-19; this is the principal factor of concern. The combos of a few clinically carried out anti-malarial drugs (e.g. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine) and anti-HIV vaccines may be used to deal with covid-19. Some traditional FDA-approved drugs which can be the ability drug towards this Sars-Cov-2 and determined with positive healing impact in vitro are Remdesivir, Nelfinavir, Paritaprevir, Raltegravir, Praziquantel, etc. Toxicity of the presently carried out drugs inflicting extreme unfavorable consequences to the sufferers is likewise an unavoidable issue. But, now, nothing of the clinically carried out drug or vaccine reaction is successfully energetic [3]. For the remedy of respiration infections due to the coronavirus Meliaecortex, Coptidis rhizoma, Phellodendron cortex and Sephorasubstrata radix extracts are used as antiviral drugs [5].

Replication Strategy of Coronavirus

Virus contamination is initiated by the interplay among spike (S) protein and host cell surface receptors. The virus has lipid envelopes, including the membrane (M) glycoprotein, the envelope (E) protein, and the S glycoprotein, which are included with structural protein. The cell serine proteases TMPRSS2 might cleave S protein into S1 and S2 subunits, which can be accountable for receptor reputation and membrane fusion. Conformational extrude of S2 is brought on via means of binding the C-Terminal Domain (CTD) of S1, particularly to host cell receptors Angiotensin-Changing Enzyme 2 (ACE2). For the combination of viral and cell membranes, heptad repeats are part of S2, forming an anti-parallel six-helix bundle, because the viral genome launch into the cytoplasm. The viral genomic RNA starts to be specific after launch [6]. After accessing the viral genome inside the cytoplasm of the target cell, it interprets into polyproteins 1a, 1b (pp1a, pp1b) to shape a Replication-Transcription Complex (RTC). These polyproteins are processed into sixteen Non-Structural Proteins (NSPs), and RTC worries about genome transcription and replication [7]. The S, E, and M viral structural proteins are translated and inserted into the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), after replication and subgenome RNA synthesis, moved into the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Golgi Intermediate Compartment (ERGIC). To shape matured viruses, N protein encapsulates viral genome buds into a membrane containing ERGIC, which can be transported to the cell surface in vesicles and launched through exocytosis. Pathogenic T cells are unexpectedly inspired after SARS-CoV-2 contamination to provide granulocyte macrophage-colony interesting factors, like GM-CSF and IL-6.

To produce a high amount of IL-6 and different inflammatory factors, GM-CSF will cause extra CD14+/CD16+ inflammatory monocytes through a high-quality reaction. Furthermore, cytokines contribute to excessive degrees of neutrophil extracellular traps. In the end, it causes injury to heart, liver, kidney, and respiration resulting from out-of-control inflammatory responses. Spike protein, ACE2, TMPRSS2, 3CLpro, RdRp, and PLpro are the principle objectives with preceding research for antiviral pills for SARS and different coronavirus infections. A virus-host cell fusion inhibitor may avert virus and cell fusion to deal with COVID-19. The preliminary degree of SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the host is accomplished because of ACE2, which is the essential step of access into the host cell surface receptor. Thus, to deal with COVID19 extra soluble varieties of ACE2 or ACE2 inhibitors may be used. A powerful remedy for COVID-19 may be the existing TMPRSS2 inhibitor. Two viral proteases, which include 3C-like protease (3clpro) and Papain-like protease (plpro) are accountable for cleaving viral peptides into functional units for virus replication and packaging in host cells; their inhibitors exhibit solid antiviral activity in cell-based systems [6].

Table 1: Fruits, Vegetables  and  whole  grains  which  boost immunity.

Table 2: Natural immune boosters and their active ingredients accountable for the activity.

Figure 1: SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle.

Herbs used to deal with COVID-19 are: 1. Indian Traditional Ayurvedic Herbs: An historical system of medication created at the holistic mind-set of life, fitness, and healing system. Ayurveda is aware of as "The Science of Life". It imparts biological nourishment to the body tissues and group of rejuvenative strategies that become defined in Ayurvedic text [10]. There are various herbs for immunomodulatory effects in Ayurveda like Ocimun sanctum, Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa L., Piper longum, Mangifera indica, Withania somnifera, Shilajatu, Emblica officinalis and Boerhaavia diffusa [9]. It describes many medicinal plants in treating respiratory system having huge variety of healing potentiality like:

(a) Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi or Giloy): extracts have alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and polysaccharides. It is used as immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihepatotoxic, and cytotoxic. These energetic phytoconstituents are Tinocordioside, Cordifolioside A, Magnoflorine, and Syringin, which can be immunomodulators and strengthen the body's immune system.

(b) Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi): is adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, cardio protective, and anti-inflammatory effects, antiviral, antifungal and anti-bacterial activity, antidiabetic, analgesic, antifertility, anticancer, antispasmodic, antiemetic, diaphoretic and hepatoprotective. For the remedy of rheumatism, bronchitis, and pyrexia, its leaves are used and it's miles taken into consideration as the "Elixir of life" because of its medicinal properties. Its foremost phytoconstituents are Eugenol and Ursolic acid. It strengthens the immune reaction by the enhancement of each cell and humoral immunity.

(c) Withania somnifera, called Ashwagandha, enriches physical and mental state, rejuvenates the body in weakened conditions, upturns longevity, and is categorized as a rasayana (rejuvenator). "Withanolides" is their energetic ingredient that holds steroidal saponin, alkaloids, and steroidal lactones. Withaferin-A, Withanolide D, and Withanoside I-VII, new Withanolide Glycosides extracted from its roots, suggest maximum biological actions. It has anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-tumor, anti-stress, neuroprotective, cardio-protective, rejuvenating and immunomodulatory effects.

Mechanism of Inhibition of Coronavirus Increase by Ayurveda Remedy

According to the earliest research SARS CoV- 2 Mpro, and different target proteins (S, E, N) of COVID-19 whilst suggests interplay with phytoconstituents of medicinal plant (Giloy, Tulsi and Ashwagandha), which includes Withaferin A, Withanolide B, Tinocordioside, Somniferine A, Tinosporide, Withanolide, Orientin, Flavonol glucoside, Apigenin, Kaempferol, Withanone, Dihydrodieuginol B and Tulsinol A, B, C, D, E, F, G of O. sanctum they doubtlessly inhibit Papain-like Protease and SARS Coronavirus foremost Protease, and Viral S-Protein RBD (receptor binding domain) and ACE2(host receptor of COVID-19) Withanone may disrupt interconnections. Thus, by hindering the viral translation into functional polyproteins and virus replication, those phytoconstituents disrupt the host's physiological/ biological features, which facilitates COVID-19 [10]. The phytochemicals, which include Withanoside X, Ashwagandanolide, Dihydrowithaferin A, and Withanolide N, inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 that's primary viral proteins [11]

Unani drug treatments
These are plant-based, reliable drug treatments with lesser side effects; some are Glycyrrhiza glabra, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Ocimum sanctum, and Ocimum tenuiflorum, Piper nigrum, Cinnamomum verum, Daucus maritimus, Curcuma longa, etc. The aqueous extract, lemon juice, and honey were powerful against virus infections. The root of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) confirmed antiviral activities towards numerous viruses, including SARS-related coronavirus, HIV-1, and respiration syncytial virus. More than 300 flavonoids and 20 triterpenoids are found in this plant. Persons can use as per advice from Unani clinical practitioners.

Homeopathy
Homeopathy has no particular mechanism of action. Arsenic Album-30 is highly diluted arsenic trioxide; taking four capsules of Arsenic Album-30 remedy as soon as every day in empty stomach for three days can deal with COVID-19 and work as homeopathic prophylaxis. There is no scientific proof for Arsenic Album-30 medicinal drug as a powerful remedy. Fever, runny nostril, headache, and sore throat with inside the sufferers with swine flu signs are treated with Arsenical album remedy. Many research indicated that homeopathy does not longer. Scientific research is required to help the running of Homeopathic remedy for COVID-19 [16].

Foods and Herbs Immunomodulatory Effects
By motivating phagocytosis rice bran, wheat bran, Lawsonia alba (hina), Echinacea purpurea (eastern purple coneflower), Plumbago zeylanica (Ceylon leadwort), and Cissampelos pareira Linn (velvetleaf) has immunomodulatory properties. Eucalyptus crucial oil enhances the immune system and guards the body against COVID19. In Vero cells, Chinese mahogany, Chinese licorice, red spider lily, the rhizome of Scythian lamb, and its extract suggest anti- SARS-CoV-1 activity. An even few herbal products, including baicalein and baicalin, have been inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. But these reasons need to be established by medical or scientific research [8].

Tips for reinforcing immunity among the common humans

  • Yoga exercise for bodily health and ingesting luke-heat water for the cleansing of the body
  • To inspire the fitness, nutrient wealthy cumin, garlic and turmeric are beneficial.
  • Body rejuvenation effects by Ayurvedic Rasayana.
  • For cough, natural tea (Ocimum sanctum leaves, Cinnamomum zeylanicum stem bark, Zingiber officinale Rhizome and Piper nigrum fruits) must be taken.
  • Turmeric in milk (Golden milk) is wholesome.
  • For faster recovery, sesame oil, coconut oil or ghee is used.
  • In throat infections gargling with oil and Trachyspermum ammi extract is helpful.
  • In respiration disorder, inhalation of mint is favored [18-21].

Plenty of citrus fruits have numerous nutrients, and a few dry fruits (almonds, walnuts, and dates) are beneficial to enhancing the immune system. Vitamin A, C, D, and E are crucial nutrients. Zinc and iodine intakes are beneficial to take. Sleep is critical for developing the immune system, be stressed free do regular proper exercises. When taking nutrients and dietary zinc supplements, sufferers need to seek advice from clinical practitioners [16]. Thus, dietary and natural medicinal drugs are probably a corresponding preventive remedy for COVID-19. Though, those hypotheses require experimental validation in COVID-19 sufferers [8].

Conclusion

Currently, there aren't particular allopathic drug treatments for COVID-19. A great study on the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 is mandatory for the layout and improvement of medication and vaccines for COVID-19. This evaluation offers the ethnopharmacological importance of natural products and nutritional remedies, which can be powerful antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 and guard against COVID-19. The entire world is in urgent to find out drugs and treatments for COVID-19. For this evaluation, we summarized the impact of herbal and conventional medicinal drug products on COVID-19. There aren't scientific reviews or registered scientific trials of natural products that can declare therapy COVID-19. It is usually recommended that a few herbs may also exhibit a useful antiviral impact on COVID-19.

 

Data Availability Statements: Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Consent for publication: We certify this manuscript has not published elsewhere and not submitted to another Journal

Competing interests: None

Acknowledgment: The authors want to thank to academic staff and non-academic staff in the Division of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Nutritional and Biochemistry lab in the Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka for providing necessary facilities and good guidance to write this review article.

Author Contribution: LS and AD conceived the study design, interpreted, drafting of the article and manuscript preparation. EA and DNW are drafting of the article details with an edit the manuscripts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding Source: No

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